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作者： 我愛喵喵
發 表 日 期： 2000/7/24
http://www.peta-online.org/liv/cc/ingred.html
這是我在察動物測試公司時看到的
Adrenaline.
Hormone from adrenal glands of hogs, cattle, and sheep.
In medicine. Alternatives: synthetics.
Alanine.
(See Amino Acids.)
Albumen.
In eggs, milk, muscles, blood, and many vegetable tissues
and fluids. In cosmetics, albumen is usually derived from
egg whites and used as a coagulating agent. May cause
allergic reaction. In cakes, cookies, candies, etc. Egg
whites sometimes used in "clearing" wines. Derivative:
Albumin.
Albumin.
(See Albumen.)
Alcloxa.
(See Allantoin.)
Aldioxa.
(See Allantoin.)
Aliphatic Alcohol.
(See Lanolin and Vitamin A.)
Allantoin.
Uric acid from cows, most mammals. Also in many plants
(especially comfrey). In cosmetics (especially creams
and lotions) and used in treatment of wounds and ulcers.
Derivatives: Alcloxa, Aldioxa. Alternatives: extract of
comfrey root, synthetics.
Alligator Skin.
(See Leather.)
Alpha-Hydroxy Acids.
Any one of several acids used as an exfoliant and in anti-wrinkle
products. Lactic acid may be animal-derived (see Lactic
Acid). Alternatives: glycolic acid, citric acid, and salicylic
acid are plant- or fruit-derived.
Ambergris.
From whale intestines. Used as a fixative in making perfumes
and as a flavoring in foods and beverages. Alternatives:
synthetic or vegetable fixatives.
Amino Acids.
The building blocks of protein in all animals and plants.
In cosmetics, vitamins, supplements, shampoos, etc. Alternatives:
synthetics, plant sources.
Aminosuccinate Acid.
(See Aspartic Acid.)
Angora.
Hair from the Angora rabbit or goat. Used in clothing.
Alternatives: synthetic fibers.
Animal Fats and Oils.
In foods, cosmetics, etc. Highly allergenic. Alternatives:
olive oil, wheat germ oil, coconut oil, flaxseed oil,
almond oil, safflower oil, etc.
Animal Hair.
In some blankets, mattresses, brushes, furniture, etc.
Alternatives: vegetable and synthetic fibers.
Arachidonic Acid.
A liquid unsaturated fatty acid that is found in liver,
brain, glands, and fat of animals and humans. Generally
isolated from animal liver. Used in companion animal food
for nutrition and in skin creams and lotions to soothe
eczema and rashes. Alternatives: synthetics, aloe vera,
tea tree oil, calendula ointment.
Arachidyl Proprionate.
A wax that can be from animal fat. Alternatives: peanut
or vegetable oil.
Aspartic Acid. Aminosuccinate Acid.
Can be animal or plant source (e.g., molasses). Sometimes
synthesized for commercial purposes.
Bee Pollen.
Microsporic grains in seed plants gathered by bees then
collected from the legs of bees. Causes allergic reactions
in some people. In nutritional supplements, shampoos,
toothpastes, deodorants. Alternatives: synthetics, plant
amino acids, pollen collected from plants.
Bee Products.
Produced by bees for their own use. Bees are selectively
bred. Culled bees are killed. A cheap sugar is substituted
for their stolen honey. Millions die as a result. Their
legs are often torn off by pollen-collection trapdoors.
Beeswax. Honeycomb.
Wax obtained from melting honeycomb with boiling water,
straining it, and cooling it. From virgin bees. Very cheap
and widely used but harmful to the skin. In lipsticks
and many other cosmetics (especially face creams, lotions,
mascara, eye creams and shadows, face makeups, nail whiteners,
lip balms, etc.). Derivatives: Cera Flava. Alternatives:
paraffin, vegetable oils and fats. Ceresin aka ceresine
aka earth wax. (Made from the mineral ozokerite. Replaces
beeswax in cosmetics. Also used to wax paper, to make
polishing cloths, in dentistry for taking wax impressions,
and in candle-making.) Also, carnauba wax (from the Brazilian
palm tree; used in many cosmetics, including lipstick;
rarely causes allergic reactions). Candelilla wax (from
candelilla plants; used in many cosmetics, including lipstick;
also in the manufacture of rubber, phonograph records,
in waterproofing and writing inks; no known toxicity).
Japan wax (Vegetable wax. Japan tallow. Fat from the fruit
of a tree grown in Japan and China.).
Benzoic Acid.
In almost all vertebrates and in berries. Used as a preservative
in mouthwashes, deodorants, creams, aftershave lotions,
etc. Alternatives: cranberries, gum benzoin (tincture)
from the aromatic balsamic resin from trees grown in China,
Sumatra, Thailand, and Cambodia.
Beta Carotene.
(See Carotene.)
Biotin. Vitamin H. Vitamin B Factor.
In every living cell and in larger amounts in milk and
yeast. Used as a texturizer in cosmetics, shampoos, and
creams. Alternatives: plant sources.
Blood.
From any slaughtered animal. Used as adhesive in plywood,
also found in cheese-making, foam rubber, intravenous
feedings, and medicines. Possibly in foods such as lecithin.
Alternatives: synthetics, plant sources.
Boar Bristles.
Hair from wild or captive hogs. In "natural"
toothbrushes and bath and shaving brushes. Alternatives:
vegetable fibers, nylon, the peelu branch or peelu gum
(Asian, available in the U.S., its juice replaces toothpaste).
Bone Char.
Animal bone ash. Used in bone china and often to make
sugar white. Serves as the charcoal used in aquarium filters.
Alternatives: synthetic tribasic calcium phosphate.
Bone Meal.
Crushed or ground animal bones. In some fertilizers. In
some vitamins and supplements as a source of calcium.
In toothpastes. Alternatives: plant mulch, vegetable compost,
dolomite, clay, vegetarian vitamins.
Calciferol.
(See Vitamin D.)
Calfskin.
(See Leather.)
Caprylamine Oxide.
(See Caprylic Acid.)
Capryl Betaine.
(See Caprylic Acid.)
Caprylic Acid.
A liquid fatty acid from cow's or goat's milk. Also from
palm and coconut oil, other plant oils. In perfumes, soaps.
Derivatives: Caprylic Triglyceride, Caprylamine Oxide,
Capryl Betaine. Alternatives: plant sources.
Caprylic Triglyceride.
(See Caprylic Acid.)
Carbamide.
(See Urea.)
Carmine. Cochineal. Carminic Acid.
Red pigment from the crushed female cochineal insect.
Reportedly 70,000 beetles must be killed to produce one
pound of this red dye. Used in cosmetics, shampoos, red
apple sauce, and other foods (including red lollipops
and food coloring). May cause allergic reaction. Alternatives:
beet juice (used in powders, rouges, shampoos; no known
toxicity); alkanet root (from the root of this herblike
tree; used as a red dye for inks, wines, lip balms, etc.;
no known toxicity. Can also be combined to make a copper
or blue coloring). (See Colors.)
Carminic Acid.
(See Carmine.)
Carotene. Provitamin A. Beta Carotene.
A pigment found in many animal tissues and in all plants.
Used as a coloring in cosmetics and in the manufacture
of vitamin A.
Casein. Caseinate. Sodium Caseinate.
Milk protein. In "non-dairy" creamers, soy cheese,
many cosmetics, hair preparations, beauty masks. Alternatives:
soy protein, soy milk, and other vegetable milks.
Caseinate.
(See Casein.)
Cashmere.
Wool from the Kashmir goat. Used in clothing. Alternatives:
synthetic fibers.
Castor. Castoreum.
Creamy substance with strong odor from muskrat and beaver
genitals. Used as a fixative in perfume and incense. Alternatives:
synthetics, plant castor oil.
Castoreum.
(See Castor.)
Catgut.
Tough string from the intestines of sheep, horses, etc.
Used for surgical sutures. Also for stringing tennis rackets
and musical instruments, etc. Alternatives: nylon and
other synthetic fibers.
Cera Flava.
(See Beeswax.)
Cetyl Alcohol.
Wax found in spermaceti from sperm whales or dolphins.
Alternatives: vegetable cetyl alcohol (e.g., coconut),
synthetic spermaceti.
Cetyl Palmitate.
(See Spermaceti.)
Chitosan.
A fiber derived from crustacean shells. Used as a lipid
binder in diet products. Alternatives: raspberries, yams,
legumes, dried apricots, and many other fruits and vegetables.
Cholesterin.
(See Lanolin.)
Cholesterol.
A steroid alcohol in all animal fats and oils, nervous
tissue, egg yolk, and blood. Can be derived from lanolin.
In cosmetics, eye creams, shampoos, etc. Alternatives:
solid complex alcohols (sterols) from plant sources.
Choline Bitartrate.
(See Lecithin.)
Civet.
Unctuous secretion painfully scraped from a gland very
near the genital organs of civet cats. Used as a fixative
in perfumes. Alternatives: (See alternatives to Musk).
Cochineal.
(See Carmine.)
Cod Liver Oil.
(See Marine Oil.)
Collagen.
Fibrous protein in vertebrates. Usually derived from animal
tissue. Can't affect the skin's own collagen. An allergen.
Alternatives: soy protein, almond oil, amla oil (see alternative
to Keratin), etc.
Colors. Dyes.
Pigments from animal, plant, and synthetic sources used
to color foods, cosmetics, and other products. Cochineal
is from insects. Widely used FD&C and D&C colors
are coal-tar (bituminous coal) derivatives that are continously
tested on animals due to their carcinogenic properties.
Alternatives: grapes, beets, turmeric, saffron, carrots,
chlorophyll, annatto, alkanet.
Corticosteroid.
(See Cortisone.)
Cortisone. Corticosteroid.
Hormone from adrenal glands. Widely used in medicine.
Alternatives: synthetics.
Cysteine, L-Form.
An amino acid from hair which can come from animals. Used
in hair-care products and creams, in some bakery products,
and in wound-healing formulations. Alternatives: plant
sources.
Cystine.
An amino acid found in urine and horsehair. Used as a
nutritional supplement and in emollients. Alternatives:
plant sources.
Dexpanthenol.
(See Panthenol.)
Diglycerides.
(See Monoglycerides and Glycerin.)
Dimethyl Stearamine.
(See Stearic Acid.)
Down.
Goose or duck insulating feathers. From slaughtered or
cruelly exploited geese. Used as an insulator in quilts,
parkas, sleeping bags, pillows, etc. Alternatives: polyester
and synthetic substitutes, kapok (silky fibers from the
seeds of some tropical trees) and milkweed seed pod fibers.
Duodenum Substances.
From the digestive tracts of cows and pigs. Added to some
vitamin tablets. In some medicines. Alternatives: vegetarian
vitamins, synthetics.
Dyes.
(See Colors.)
Egg Protein.
In shampoos, skin preparations, etc. Alternatives: plant
proteins.
Elastin.
Protein found in the neck ligaments and aortas of cows.
Similar to collagen. Can't affect the skin's own elasticity.
Alternatives: synthetics, protein from plant tissues.
Emu Oil.
From flightless ratite birds native to Australia and now
factory farmed. Used in cosmetics, creams. Alternatives:
vegetable and plant oils.
Ergocalciferol.
(See Vitamin D.)
Ergosterol.
(See Vitamin D.)
Estradiol.
(See Estrogen.)
Estrogen. Estradiol.
Female hormones from pregnant mare's urine. Considered
a drug. Can have harmful systemic effects if used by children.
Used for reproductive problems and in birth control pills
and in Premarin, a menopausal drug. In creams, perfumes,
and lotions. Has a negligible effect in the creams as
a skin restorative; simple vegetable-source emollients
are considered better. Alternatives: oral contraceptives
and menopausal drugs based on synthetic steroids or phytoestrogens
(from plants, especially palm-kernel oil). Menopausal
symptoms can also be treated with diet and herbs.
Fats.
(See Animal Fats.)
Fatty Acids.
Can be one or any mixture of liquid and solid acids such
as caprylic, lauric, myristic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic.
Used in bubble baths, lipsticks, soap, detergents, cosmetics,
food. Alternatives: vegetable-derived acids, soy lecithin,
safflower oil, bitter almond oil, sunflower oil, etc.
FD&C Colors.
(See Colors.)
Feathers.
From exploited and slaughtered birds. Used whole as ornaments
or ground up in shampoos. (See Down and Keratin.)
Fish Liver Oil.
Used in vitamins and supplements. In milk fortified with
vitamin D. Alternatives: yeast extract ergosterol and
exposure of skin to sunshine.
Fish Oil.
(See Marine Oil.) Fish oil can also be from marine mammals.
Used in soap-making.
Fish Scales.
Used in shimmery makeups. Alternatives: mica, rayon, synthetic
pearl.
Fur.
Obtained from animals (usually mink, foxes, or rabbits)
cruelly trapped in steel-jaw leghold traps or raised in
intensive confinement on fur "farms." Alternatives:
synthetics. (See Sable Brushes.)
Gel.
(See Gelatin.)
Gelatin. Gel.
Protein obtained by boiling skin, tendons, ligaments,
and/or bones with water. From cows and pigs. Used in shampoos,
face masks, and other cosmetics. Used as a thickener for
fruit gelatins and puddings (e.g., "Jello").
In candies, marshmallows, cakes, ice cream, yogurts. On
photographic film and in vitamins as a coating and as
capsules. Sometimes used to assist in "clearing"
wines. Alternatives: carrageen (carrageenan, Irish moss),
seaweeds (algin, agar-agar, kelp--used in jellies, plastics,
medicine), pectin from fruits, dextrins, locust bean gum,
cotton gum, silica gel. Marshmallows were originally made
from the root of the marsh mallow plant. Vegetarian capsules
are now available from several companies. Digital cameras
don't use film.
Glucose Tyrosinase.
(See Tyrosine.)
Glycerides.
(See Glycerin.)
Glycerin. Glycerol.
A byproduct of soap manufacture (normally uses animal
fat). In cosmetics, foods, mouthwashes, chewing gum, toothpastes,
soaps, ointments, medicines, lubricants, transmission
and brake fluid, and plastics. Derivatives: Glycerides,
Glyceryls, Glycreth-26, Polyglycerol. Alternatives: vegetable
glycerin--a byproduct of vegetable oil soap. Derivatives
of seaweed, petroleum.
Glycerol.
(See Glycerin.)
Glyceryls.
(See Glycerin.)
Glycreth-26.
(See Glycerin.)
Guanine. Pearl Essence.
Obtained from scales of fish. Constituent of ribonucleic
acid and deoxyribonucleic acid and found in all animal
and plant tissues. In shampoo, nail polish, other cosmetics.
Alternatives: leguminous plants, synthetic pearl, or aluminum
and bronze particles.
Hide Glue.
Same as gelatin but of a cruder impure form. Alternatives:
dextrins and synthetic petrochemical-based adhesives.
(See Gelatin.)
Honey.
Food for bees, made by bees. Can cause allergic reactions.
Used as a coloring and an emollient in cosmetics and as
a flavoring in foods. Should never be fed to infants.
Alternatives: in foods--maple syrup, date sugar, syrups
made from grains such as barley malt, turbinado sugar,
molasses; in cosmetics--vegetable colors and oils.
Honeycomb.
(See Beeswax.)
Horsehair.
(See Animal Hair.)
Hyaluronic Acid.
A protein found in umbilical cords and the fluids around
the joints. Used as a cosmetic oil. Alternatives: plant
oils.
Hydrocortisone.
(See Cortisone.)
Hydrolyzed Animal Protein.
In cosmetics, especially shampoo and hair treatments.
Alternatives: soy protein, other vegetable proteins, amla
oil (see alternatives to Keratin).
Imidazolidinyl Urea.
(See Urea.)
Insulin.
From hog pancreas. Used by millions of diabetics daily.
Alternatives: synthetics, vegetarian diet and nutritional
supplements, human insulin grown in a lab.
Isinglass.
A form of gelatin prepared from the internal membranes
of fish bladders. Sometimes used in "clearing"
wines and in foods. Alternatives: bentonite clay, "Japanese
isinglass," agar-agar (see alternatives to Gelatin),
mica, a mineral used in cosmetics.
Isopropyl Lanolate.
(See Lanolin.)
Isopropyl Myristate.
(See Myristic Acid.)
Isopropyl Palmitate.
Complex mixtures of isomers of stearic acid and palmitic
acid. (See Stearic Acid).
Keratin.
Protein from the ground-up horns, hooves, feathers, quills,
and hair of various animals. In hair rinses, shampoos,
permanent wave solutions. Alternatives: almond oil, soy
protein, amla oil (from the fruit of an Indian tree),
human hair from salons. Rosemary and nettle give body
and strand strength to hair.
Lactic Acid.
Found in blood and muscle tissue. Also in sour milk, beer,
sauerkraut, pickles, and other food products made by bacterial
fermentation. Used in skin fresheners, as a preservative,
in the formation of plasticizers, etc. Alternative: plant
milk sugars, synthetics.
Lactose.
Milk sugar from milk of mammals. In eye lotions, foods,
tablets, cosmetics, baked goods, medicines. Alternatives:
plant milk sugars.
Laneth.
(See Lanolin.)
Lanogene.
(See Lanolin.)
Lanolin. Lanolin Acids. Wool Fat. Wool Wax.
A product of the oil glands of sheep, extracted from their
wool. Used as an emollient in many skin care products
and cosmetics and in medicines. An allergen with no proven
effectiveness. (See Wool for cruelty to sheep.) Derivatives:
Aliphatic Alcohols, Cholesterin, Isopropyl Lanolate, Laneth,
Lanogene, Lanolin Alcohols, Lanosterols, Sterols, Triterpene
Alcohols. Alternatives: plant and vegetable oils.
Lanolin Alcohol.
(See Lanolin.)
Lanosterols.
(See Lanolin.)
Lard.
Fat from hog abdomens. In shaving creams, soaps, cosmetics.
In baked goods, French fries, refried beans, and many
other foods. Alternatives: pure vegetable fats or oils.
Leather. Suede. Calfskin. Sheepskin. Alligator
Skin. Other Types of Skin.
Subsidizes the meat industry. Used to make wallets, handbags,
furniture and car upholstery, shoes, etc. Alternatives:
cotton, canvas, nylon, vinyl, ultrasuede, other synthetics.
Lecithin. Choline Bitartrate.
Waxy substance in nervous tissue of all living organisms.
But, frequently obtained for commercial purposes from
eggs and soybeans. Also from nerve tissue, blood, milk,
corn. Choline bitartrate, the basic constituent of lecithin,
is in many animal and plant tissues and prepared synthetically.
Lecithin can be in eye creams, lipsticks, liquid powders,
handcreams, lotions, soaps, shampoos, other cosmetics,
and some medicines. Alternatives: soybean lecithin, synthetics.
Linoleic Acid.
An essential fatty acid. Used in cosmetics, vitamins.
(See alternatives to Fatty Acids.)
Lipase.
Enzyme from the stomachs and tongue glands of calves,
kids, and lambs. Used in cheese-making and in digestive
aids. Alternatives: vegetable enzymes, castor beans.
Lipids.
(See Lipoids.)
Lipoids. Lipids.
Fat and fat-like substances that are found in animals
and plants. Alternatives: vegetable oils.
Marine Oil.
From fish or marine mammals (including porpoises). Used
in soap-making. Used as a shortening (especially in some
margarines), as a lubricant, and in paint. Alternatives:
vegetable oils.
Methionine.
Essential amino acid found in various proteins (usually
from egg albumen and casein). Used as a texturizer and
for freshness in potato chips. Alternatives: synthetics.
Milk Protein.
Hydrolyzed milk protein. From the milk of cows. In cosmetics,
shampoos, moisturizers, conditioners, etc. Alternatives:
soy protein, other plant proteins.
Mink Oil.
From minks. In cosmetics, creams, etc. Alternatives: vegetable
oils and emollients such as avocado oil, almond oil, and
jojoba oil.
Monoglycerides. Glycerides. (See Glycerin.)
From animal fat. In margarines, cake mixes, candies, foods,
etc. In cosmetics. Alternative: vegetable glycerides.
Musk (Oil).
Dried secretion painfully obtained from musk deer, beaver,
muskrat, civet cat, and otter genitals. Wild cats are
kept captive in cages in horrible conditions and are whipped
around the genitals to produce the scent; beavers are
trapped; deer are shot. In perfumes and in food flavorings.
Alternatives: labdanum oil (which comes from various rockrose
shrubs) and other plants with a musky scent. Labdanum
oil has no known toxicity.
Myristal Ether Sulfate.
(See Myristic Acid.)
Myristic Acid.
Organic acid in most animal and vegetable fats. In butter
acids. Used in shampoos, creams, cosmetics. In food flavorings.
Derivatives: Isopropyl Myristate, Myristal Ether Sulfate,
Myristyls, Oleyl Myristate. Alternatives: nut butters,
oil of lovage, coconut oil, extract from seed kernels
of nutmeg, etc.
Myristyls.
(See Myristic Acid.)
"Natural Sources."
Can mean animal or vegetable sources. Most often in the
health food industry, especially in the cosmetics area,
it means animal sources, such as animal elastin, glands,
fat, protein, and oil. Alternatives: plant sources.
Nucleic Acids.
In the nucleus of all living cells. Used in cosmetics,
shampoos, conditioners, etc. Also in vitamins, supplements.
Alternatives: plant sources.
Ocenol.
(See Oleyl Alcohol.)
Octyl Dodecanol.
Mixture of solid waxy alcohols. Primarily from stearyl
alcohol. (See Stearyl Alcohol.)
Oleic Acid.
Obtained from various animal and vegetable fats and oils.
Usually obtained commercially from inedible tallow. (See
Tallow.) In foods, soft soap, bar soap, permanent wave
solutions, creams, nail polish, lipsticks, many other
skin preparations. Derivatives: Oleyl Oleate, Oleyl Stearate.
Alternatives: coconut oil. (See alternatives to Animal
Fats and Oils.)
Oils.
(See alternatives to Animal Fats and Oils.)
Oleths.
(See Oleyl Alcohol.)
Oleyl Alcohol. Ocenol.
Found in fish oils. Used in the manufacture of detergents,
as a plasticizer for softening fabrics, and as a carrier
for medications. Derivatives: Oleths, Oleyl Arachidate,
Oleyl Imidazoline.
Oleyl Arachidate.
(See Oleyl Alcohol.)
Oleyl Imidazoline.
(See Oleyl Alcohol.)
Oleyl Myristate.
(See Myristic Acid.)
Oleyl Oleate.
(See Oleic Acid.)
Oleyl Stearate.
(See Oleic Acid.)
Palmitamide.
(See Palmitic Acid.)
Palmitamine.
(See Palmitic Acid.)
Palmitate.
(See Palmitic Acid.)
Palmitic Acid.
From fats, oils (see Fatty Acids). Mixed with stearic
acid. Found in many animal fats and plant oils. In shampoos,
shaving soaps, creams. Derivatives: Palmitate, Palmitamine,
Palmitamide. Alternatives: palm oil, vegetable sources.
Panthenol. Dexpanthenol. Vitamin B-Complex
Factor. Provitamin B-5.
Can come from animal or plant sources or synthetics. In
shampoos, supplements, emollients, etc. In foods. Derivative:
Panthenyl. Alternatives: synthetics, plants.
Panthenyl.
(See Panthenol.)
Pepsin.
In hogs' stomachs. A clotting agent. In some cheeses and
vitamins. Same uses and alternatives as Rennet.
Placenta. Placenta Polypeptides Protein. Afterbirth.
Contains waste matter eliminated by the fetus. Derived
from the uterus of slaughtered animals. Animal placenta
is widely used in skin creams, shampoos, masks, etc. Alternatives:
kelp. (See alternatives for Animal Fats and Oils.)
Polyglycerol.
(See Glycerin.)
Polypeptides.
From animal protein. Used in cosmetics. Alternatives:
plant proteins and enzymes.
Polysorbates.
Derivatives of fatty acids. In cosmetics, foods.
Pristane.
Obtained from the liver oil of sharks and from whale ambergris.
(See Squalene, Ambergris.) Used as a lubricant and anti-corrosive
agent. In cosmetics. Alternatives: plant oils, synthetics.
Progesterone.
A steroid hormone used in anti-wrinkle face creams. Can
have adverse systemic effects. Alternatives: synthetics.
Propolis.
Tree sap gathered by bees and used as a sealant in beehives.
In toothpaste, shampoo, deodorant, supplements, etc. Alternatives:
tree sap, synthetics.
Provitamin A.
(See Carotene.)
Provitamin B-5.
(See Panthenol.)
Provitamin D-2.
(See Vitamin D.)
Rennet. Rennin.
Enzyme from calves' stomachs. Used in cheese-making, rennet
custard (junket), and in many coagulated dairy products.
Alternatives: microbial coagulating agents, bacteria culture,
lemon juice, or vegetable rennet.
Rennin.
(See Rennet.)
Resinous Glaze.
(See Shellac.)
Ribonucleic Acid.
(See RNA.)
RNA. Ribonucleic Acid.
RNA is in all living cells. Used in many protein shampoos
and cosmetics. Alternatives: plant cells.
Royal Jelly.
Secretion from the throat glands of the honeybee workers
that is fed to the larvae in a colony and to all queen
larvae. No proven value in cosmetics preparations. Alternatives:
aloe vera, comfrey, other plant derivatives.
Sable Brushes.
From the fur of sables (weasel-like mammals). Used to
make eye makeup, lipstick, and artists' brushes. Alternatives:
synthetic fibers.
Sea Turtle Oil.
(See Turtle Oil.)
Shark Liver Oil.
Used in lubricating creams and lotions. Derivatives: Squalane,
Squalene. Alternatives: vegetable oils.
Sheepskin.
(See Leather.)
Shellac. Resinous Glaze.
Resinous excretion of certain insects. Used as a candy
glaze, in hair lacquer, and on jewelry. Alternatives:
plant waxes.
Silk. Silk Powder.
Silk is the shiny fiber made by silkworms to form their
cocoons. Worms are boiled in their cocoons to get the
silk. Used in cloth. In silk-screening (other fine cloth
can be and is used instead). Taffeta can be made from
silk or nylon. Silk powder is obtained from the secretion
of the silkworm. It is used as a coloring agent in face
powders, soaps, etc. Can cause severe allergic skin reactions
and systemic reactions (if inhaled or ingested). Alternatives:
milkweed seed-pod fibers, nylon, silk-cotton tree and
ceiba tree filaments (kapok), rayon, and synthetic silks.
Snails.
In some cosmetics (crushed).
Sodium Caseinate.
(See Casein.)
Sodium Steroyl Lactylate.
(See Lactic Acid.)
Sodium Tallowate.
(See Tallow.)
Spermaceti. Cetyl Palmitate. Sperm Oil.
Waxy oil derived from the sperm whale's head or from dolphins.
In many margarines. In skin creams, ointments, shampoos,
candles, etc. Used in the leather industry. May become
rancid and cause irritations. Alternatives: synthetic
spermaceti, jojoba oil, and other vegetable emollients.
Sponge (Luna and Sea).
A plant-like animal. Lives in the sea. Becoming scarce.
Alternatives: synthetic sponges, loofahs (plants used
as sponges).
Squalane.
(See Shark Liver Oil.)
Squalene.
Oil from shark livers, etc. In cosmetics, moisturizers,
hair dyes, surface-active agents. Alternatives: vegetable
emollients such as olive oil, wheat germ oil, rice bran
oil, etc.
Stearamide.
(See Stearic Acid.)
Stearamine.
(See Stearic Acid.)
Stearamine Oxide.
(See Stearyl Alcohol.)
Stearates.
(See Stearic Acid.)
Stearic Acid.
Fat from cows and sheep and from dogs and cats euthanized
in animal shelters, etc. Most often refers to a fatty
substance taken from the stomachs of pigs. Can be harsh,
irritating. Used in cosmetics, soaps, lubricants, candles,
hairspray, conditioners, deodorants, creams, chewing gum,
food flavoring. Derivatives: Stearamide, Stearamine, Stearates,
Stearic Hydrazide, Stearone, Stearoxytrimethylsilane,
Stearoyl Lactylic Acid, Stearyl Betaine, Stearyl Imidazoline.
Alternatives: Stearic acid can be found in many vegetable
fats, coconut.
Stearic Hydrazide.
(See Stearic Acid.)
Stearone.
(See Stearic Acid.)
Stearoxytrimethylsilane.
(See Stearic Acid.)
Stearoyl Lactylic Acid.
(See Stearic Acid.)
Stearyl Acetate.
(See Stearyl Alcohol.)
Stearyl Alcohol. Sterols.
A mixture of solid alcohols. Can be prepared from sperm
whale oil. In medicines, creams, rinses, shampoos, etc.
Derivatives: Stearamine Oxide, Stearyl Acetate, Stearyl
Caprylate, Stearyl Citrate, Stearyldimethyl Amine, Stearyl
Glycyrrhetinate, Stearyl Heptanoate, Stearyl Octanoate,
Stearyl Stearate. Alternatives: plant sources, vegetable
stearic acid.
Stearyl Betaine.
(See Stearic Acid.)
Stearyl Caprylate.
(See Stearyl Alcohol.)
Stearyl Citrate.
(See Stearyl Alcohol.)
Stearyldimethyl Amine.
(See Stearyl Alcohol.)
Stearyl Glycyrrhetinate.
(See Stearyl Alcohol.)
Stearyl Heptanoate.
(See Stearyl Alcohol.)
Stearyl Imidazoline.
(See Stearic Acid.)
Stearyl Octanoate.
(See Stearyl Alcohol.)
Stearyl Stearate.
(See Stearyl Alcohol.)
Steroids. Sterols.
From various animal glands or from plant tissues. Steroids
include sterols. Sterols are alcohol from animals or plants
(e.g., cholesterol). Used in hormone preparation. In creams,
lotions, hair conditioners, fragrances, etc. Alternatives:
plant tissues, synthetics.
Sterols.
(See Stearyl Alcohol and Steroids.)
Suede.
(See Leather.)
Tallow. Tallow Fatty Alcohol. Stearic Acid.
Rendered beef fat. May cause eczema and blackheads. In
wax paper, crayons, margarines, paints, rubber, lubricants,
etc. In candles, soaps, lipsticks, shaving creams, other
cosmetics. Chemicals (e.g., PCB) can be in animal tallow.
Derivatives: Sodium Tallowate, Tallow Acid, Tallow Amide,
Tallow Amine, Talloweth-6, Tallow Glycerides, Tallow Imidazoline.
Alternatives: vegetable tallow, Japan tallow, paraffin
and/or ceresin (see alternatives for Beeswax for all three).
Paraffin is usually from petroleum, wood, coal, or shale
oil.
Tallow Acid.
(See Tallow.)
Tallow Amide.
(See Tallow.)
Tallow Amine.
(See Tallow.)
Talloweth-6.
(See Tallow.)
Tallow Glycerides.
(See Tallow.)
Tallow Imidazoline.
(See Tallow.)
Triterpene Alcohols.
(See Lanolin.)
Turtle Oil. Sea Turtle Oil.
From the muscles and genitals of giant sea turtles. In
soap, skin creams, nail creams, other cosmetics. Alternatives:
vegetable emollients (see alternatives to Animal Fats
and Oils).
Tyrosine.
Amino acid hydrolyzed from casein. Used in cosmetics and
creams. Derivative: Glucose Tyrosinase.
Urea. Carbamide.
Excreted from urine and other bodily fluids. In deodorants,
ammoniated dentrifices, mouthwashes, hair colorings, hand
creams, lotions, shampoos, etc. Used to "brown"
baked goods, such as pretzels. Derivatives: Imidazolidinyl
Urea, Uric Acid. Alternatives: synthetics.
Uric Acid.
(See Urea.)
Vitamin A.
Can come from fish liver oil (e.g., shark liver oil),
egg yolk, butter, lemongrass, wheat germ oil, carotene
in carrots, and synthetics. It is an aliphatic alcohol.
In cosmetics, creams, perfumes, hair dyes, etc. In vitamins,
supplements. Alternatives: carrots, other vegetables,
synthetics.
Vitamin B-Complex Factor.
(See Panthenol.)
Vitamin B Factor.
(See Biotin.)
Vitamin B-12.
Usually animal source. Some vegetarian B-12 vitamins are
in a stomach base. Alternatives: some vegetarian B-12-fortified
yeasts and analogs available. Plant algae discovered containing
B-12, now in supplement form (spirulina). Also, B-12 is
normally produced in a healthy body.
Vitamin D. Ergocalciferol. Vitamin D-2. Ergosterol.
Provitamin D-2. Calciferol. Vitamin D-3.
Vitamin D can come from fish liver oil, milk, egg yolk,
etc. Vitamin D-2 can come from animal fats or plant sterols.
Vitamins D-2 and D-3 may be from fish oil. All the D vitamins
can be in creams, lotions, other cosmetics, vitamin tablets,
etc. Alternatives: plant and mineral sources, synthetics,
completely vegetarian vitamins, exposure of skin to sunshine.
Many other vitamins can come from animal sources. Examples:
choline, biotin, inositol, riboflavin, etc.
Vitamin H.
(See Biotin.)
Wax.
Glossy, hard substance that is soft when hot. From animals
and plants. In lipsticks, depilatories, hair straighteners.
Alternatives: vegetable waxes.
Whey.
A serum from milk. Usually in cakes, cookies, candies,
and breads. In cheese-making. Alternatives: soybean whey.
Wool.
From sheep. Used in clothing. Ram lambs and old "wool"
sheep are slaughtered for their meat. Sheep are transported
without food or water, in extreme heat and cold. Legs
are broken, eyes injured, etc. Sheep are bred to be unnaturally
woolly, also unnaturally wrinkly, which causes them to
get insect infestations around the tail areas. The farmer's
solution to this is the painful cutting away of the flesh
around the tail (called mulesing). "Inferior"
sheep are killed. When shearing the sheep, they are pinned
down violently and sheared roughly. Their skin is cut
up. Every year, hundreds of thousands of shorn sheep die
from exposure to cold. Natural predators of sheep (wolves,
coyotes, eagles, etc.) are poisoned, trapped, and shot.
In the U.S., overgrazing of cat
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